SEBENARNYA bukan ji apa-apa. Hanya saja banyak sekali mi teman-teman yang sering bertanya kenapa orang Makassar biasa memakai partikel mi, ji, pi sama halnya dengan ma, ja, pa. Sebenarnya masih ada beberapa yang lain seperti ta dan na tetapi dalam tulisan ini kita hanya bisa berfokus pada partikel-partikel yang disebutkan pada kalimat sebelumnya.
Cukup banyak sudah teman-teman saya dari daerah lain yang sering sok tahu, lebih tepatnya memang tidak tahu tetapi mencoba akrab dengan berbahasa Indonesia dialek Makassar. Tentu upaya ini harus dihargai. Mengetahui dialek bahasa setempat adalah salah satu strategi mengakrabkan diri.
Pernah teman saya, namanya Rahul dari Jambi, ia bilang.
“Arif, makan ji.” Padahal maksudnya dia, “Arif, makan mi.”
Ada pula teman saya dari Malang pernah bengong dan terheran-heran ketika saya bilang, “Makan mi.”
Matanya mencari sekeliling dan bertanya balik.
“Mana minya mas?”
Merepotkan bukan? Maka demi kebaikan bersama dan menjunjung tinggi poin ketiga Sumpah Pemuda, saya bermaksud untuk memperkenalkan secara sederhana Bahasa Indonesianya versi orang Makassar.
Pertama-tama, partikel ma, ja, pa (maki, mako, pako, paki adalah turunannya) memiliki banyak makna bergantung konteks. Partikel mi dan ji adalah partikel yang berasal dari Bahasa Makassar yang sering juga orang Bugis ketika berbahasa Indonesia.
Penggunaan partikel yang saya sebutkan di atas dalam logat Makassar memang sangat produktif. Namun, karena keterbatasan ruang maka tidak akan dibahas semuanya di sini. Intinya, imbuhan itu harus melekat dalam morfem lainnya dan tidak memiliki arti jika bercerai dari morfem lainnya.
Yang sering membingungkan adalah kapan dan bagaimana penggunaan ma, ja, dan pa? Apa bedanya dengan mi, ji, dan pi? Mengapa ji pada kalimat, “makan ji” saat digunakan teman saya Rahul tidak tepat tetapi dalam konteks yang lain, kalimat, “makan ji” benar penggunaannya.
Begini saribattang (saudara-saudara). Interfensi partikel dalam penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia orang-orang Makassar tak lepas dari interferensi bahasa daerah. Perlu dicatat partikel mi, ji, dan pi (beserta partikel yang lain) tidak hanya dipakai di Makassar saja tetapi juga secara umum di Sulawesi Selatan, termasuk di daerah-daerah berbahasa Bugis.
Interferensi bahasa lokal ini tak lepas dari struktur kalimat atau tipologi Bahasa Bugis-Makassar. Dalam Bahasa Bugis-Makassar, pola kalimat yang paling sering dipakai adalah PSO atau predikat-subjek-objek.
Struktur ini berbeda dengan Bahasa Indonesia atau Bahasa Inggris yang didominasi struktur SPO. Sebagai contoh dalam kalimat Bahasa Bugis dan Bahasa Makassar secara berurutan sebagai berikut.
Maka tak heran jika dalam kalimat “makan ma” misalnya, predikat/kata kerja makan berada paling depan lalu disusul partikel ma yang arti kalimatnya ‘Saya (sudah) makan’. Contoh kalimat lain misal, “Pergi mi!”
Lalu apa bedanya ma, ja, dan pa dengan mi, ji, dan pi? Oh ya, dalam konteks seperti ini partikel mi dan ma ini tidak lagi sebagai partikel belaka tetapi menjadi klitik ketika menandai kata orang namun ia melekat seolah seperti partikel.
Proses pembentukan mi, ji, dan pa secara berurutan berasal dari ma, ja, dan pa. Perubahan ini terjadi karena perbuatan orang ketiga tunggal –i yang merujuk pada “dia”. Mi berasal dari ma+i, ji dari ja+i, dan pi dari pa+i sehingga semestinya menjadi mai, jai, dan pai.
Struktur inilah yang ada dalam dalam proses mental atau pikiran sebelum terucap keluar dari bibir. Biasanya disebut underlying representation dalam kajian phonological theory. Nah yang akhirnya kita ucapkan dan kita dengarkan adalah yang muncul ke permukaan (surface representation) adalah mi, ji, dan pi. Kenapa bisa begitu?
Sebab dalam Bahasa Bugis-Makassar dalam konteks ini ketika vokal [a] dan [i] bertemu vokal [a] harus ‘mengalah’ dan melebur ke vokal yang dalam tabel IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) lebih tinggi, dalam hal ini vokal [i].
Maka vokal [a] terhapus dan tersisalah vokal [i]. Jadilah mi, ji, dan pi ketika rujukannya adalah orang ketiga tunggal. Coba mi suruh orang Bugis-Makassar bilang mai, jai, atau pai pasti aneh rasanya.
Dalam prakteknya klitik mi, ji, dan pi ini dapat digunakan dalam konteks yang berbeda-beda. Partikel mi dapat menggantikan kata “sudah” dalam Bahasa Indonesia seperti dalam contoh: “Diterima mi lamarannya itu Amil oleh keluarganya Lilis.” Berarti “Lamarannya Amil sudah diterima oleh Keluarganya Lilis”.
Dapat pula terjadi pengulangan, seperti “sudah mi” untuk menegaskan jika kegiatan tersebut telah sungguh sudah terjadi. Partikel mi dapat pula menggantikan posisi partikel -lah dalam bahasa Indonesia seperti kata teman saya Rahul, “Makan mi” artinya “Makanlah!”.
Contoh lain: “Muat mi tulisanku.” Artinya, “Muatlah tulisanku.” Partikel mi dapat pula berarti “saja” seperti “kau mi saja datang” yang artinya “kau saja datang”. Penggunaannya tergantung pada konteks kalimat perintah, berita, atau negasi.
Partikel ji juga memiliki fungsi berbeda-beda. Dalam kalimat “Ke Yogya ji” berarti “saja” sehingga dapat diartikan “Ke Yogya saja” tidak ke kota yang lain. Biasa juga diberi penegasan dengan pengulangan seperti “Ke Yogya ji saja”.
Fungsi lain yaitu menyatakan “kok” seperti “cukup ji”. Semisal pacarmu bertanya “ Uang panaik mu sudah cukup?” dan kaupun menjawab, “Cukup ji.” Artinya “cukup kok”. “Makan ji” dapat berarti “makan kok” seperti kalimat Rahul teman saya itu hanya salah konteks.
Konteks lain partikel mi dapat digunakan untuk bertanya yang berarti, “Benarkah?” Seperti dalam kalimat, “Makan ji?”
Yang berarti, “Benarkah dia makan?” Partikel ji diucapkan dengan intonasi meninggi di akhir sebagai bentuk tanya. Arti lain dari ji adalah “-kan” seperti, “Kau hubungi ji toh.” Artinya “kau menghubungi dia kan.”
Jamak ji disandingkan toh yang bermakna penegasan seperti, “Enak ji toh?” Sebagai catatan, partikel ji ini terbatas penggunaannya seperti tidak akan kau temui dalam kalimat perintah.
Sementara partikel pi juga memiliki beberapa makna tergantung konteks. Partikel pi dapat berarti “lagi” dalam kalimat, “Tambahi pi.” Berarti “tambah lagi”. Bisa berarti “nanti” pada contoh “besok pi” berarti “nanti besok”.
Bisa berarti “setelah” seperti “cukup pi”yang diartikan “setelah cukup”. Lalu ketika kau mengajak teman Makassarmu nongkrong dan dia bilang “weekend pi” bisa berarti “weekend saja”. Walau dapat pula dipahami, “Nanti weekend.”
Terakhir ketika kau menawar barang dan penjualnya kukuh tak mau kurang lagi, kau bisa berkata, “Berapa pi?” Pada konteks ini maknanya bisa “jadi”, “Jadi berapa?”
Sebagai tambahan dalam prakteknya, klitik yang saya sebutkan dapat bersekutu dengan klitik penanda subjek sehingga sering kali muncul seperti maka, maki, mako, jaka, jaki, jako, paka, pako, paki.
Oh iye, partikel yang merujuk kepada orang baik kepada subjek atau objek disebut klitik. Ia memiliki makna tersendiri meski terpisah dari kata dasarnya. Sedangkan partikel terikat dengan konteks kalimat.
Klitik ka, ko, dan ki ini adalah penanda subjek. –ka berarti ‘saya’, –ki berarti ‘kita’ atau bisa juga ‘kamu; sebagai penanda lebih sopan dan halus terutama ketika baru bertemu atau sedang menawarkan sesuatu sementara –ko juga bisa berarti ‘kamu’.
Namun –ko sering digunakan kepada teman karib atau sebaya atau yang posisinya lebih tinggi kepada yang lebih rendah. Jangan sampai gunakan sembarangan apalagi di depan calon mertuamu semisal ketika kamu diajak makan lalu kau bilang “Makan mako!”. Tidak sopan. Balas dengan, “Iye makan maki.”
Jadi bagaimana mi? Bisa maki sedikit berbahasa Indonesia dialek Makassar toh? Berkunjung maki ke Makassar! Mari ki!






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